In October 2023, Mongolia needed to decide whether to invite Russian President Putin to a major state celebration after the International Criminal Court issued a warrant for his arrest. Legal uncertainty over head of state immunity intersected with Mongolia’s geopolitical reality as a democracy sandwiched between Russia and China. The decision risked either damaging Mongolia’s international standing or straining relations with a crucial economic partner. This case explores how legal obligations and political realities intersect to shape Mongolia’s foreign policy.

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