Abstract

Public planning by governments and state-owned agencies has conventionally constituted the bulk of economic and developmental planning. However, the net-zero transition also entails a substantial involvement of private planning by non-state actors including corporations and financial institutions. Alongside a slew of climate mitigation policies, governments across countries have implemented regulations mandating targeted entities to plan and implement strategies aligning their operations and strategies with the green transition. While the emerging yet growing literature on net-zero transition planning has predominantly focused on corporate transition planning in western neoliberal economic contexts, this paper aims to present and analyse a more heterogeneous landscape of the ‘varieties’ of transition planning emerging through an analysis of government regulations, policies, and laws in 37 jurisdictions using granular survey data collected by the Oxford Climate Policy Monitor in 2025. This is further used to create a typology of transition planning varying across features including their function(s), the entities they target, and the mechanism(s) (market-based or command-and-control) through which targets and plans set by an entity are supposed to be implemented. Finally, we examine the interoperability between transition planning obligations imposed on different actors and sectors, assessing how complementary they are and the gaps between them.