Prof Hale's idependent assessment on Russia's pledge is mentioned in this "tracker" of climate contributions submitted by different countries. Russia pledged to reduce 25-30% on 1990 levels by 2030, “subject to the maximum possible account of absorbing capacity of forests”.

Independent assessment: “Russia’s INDC is a magnum opus of hypotheticals,” – Thomas Hale, Blavatnik School of Government

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